|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
Bonded BodiesCoastal Fisherfolk, Everyday Migrations, and National Anxieties in India and Sri Lanka
Charu Gupta
Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, India, charu7{at}hotmail.com
This article is about the tragic journeys and livelihood insecurities of coastal fisherfolk of India and Sri Lanka, who are arrested and jailed by these countries for having entered each other's arenas. These fisherfolk are victims of defined and undefined boundaries in the seas, and increasing conflicts over renewable resources. The article questions the cartographic and border anxieties of these countries, which come into fundamental contradiction with the lives, livelihoods and desires of the majority of coastal fisherfolk, who are short-term migratory subjects on an everyday basis. They are constantly subjected to categories such as insider and outsider, safety and danger, domestic and foreign, self and other. At the same time, the article reveals how these fishing communities themselves mark an ambiguous space, located as they are on the margins of the two countries, thereby providing emancipatory possibilities that can emerge from the spatial freedoms which they have practised. However, there are also some contradictory voices. Some of these fisherfolk are articulating the very same language which is used to suppress them. In attempting to highlight these complexities, the article widens our definitions of migrations, diasporas, and transnational subjects.
Key Words: ambiguity capital conflict ecology fisheries identity sea laws state suffering
References
- Alexander, Paul (1995) Sri Lankan Fishermen: Rural Capitalism and Peasant Society. New Delhi: Sterling.
- Amarasinghe, Oscar (2001) `Economic and Social Implications of Multi-Day Fishing in Sri Lanka', in International Collective in Support of Fish Workers (ICSF) and International Ocean Institute (IOI) Forging Unity: Coastal Communities and the Indian Ocean's Future, pp. 192—206. Chennai: International Collective in Support of Fish Workers.
- Anderson, Malcolm (1996) Frontiers: Territory and State Formation in the Modern World. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Bavinck, Maarten (2001) Marine Resource Management: Conflict and Regulation in the Fisheries of the Coromandel Coast. New Delhi: Sage.
- Bavinck, Maarten (2003) `The Spatially Splintered State: Myths and Realities in the Regulation of Marine Fishermen in Tamil Nadu', Development and Change 34(4): 633—57.[CrossRef]
- Behera, Navnita Chadha (2002) `Discourses on Security: A Contested Terrain', in Navnita Chadha Behera (ed.) State, People and Security: The South Asian Context, pp. 11—66. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.
- Brown, Neville (1989) `Climate, Ecology and International Security', Survival 31(6): 519—32.
- Creech, Steve and Wasantha Subasinghe (1999) The Labour Conditions of Sri Lanka's Deep-Sea Fishworkers. Sri Lanka: United Fishermen's and Fishworkers' Congress
- Ghosh, Amitav (2005) The Hungry Tide. New Delhi: Harper Collins.
- Ghosh, Partha S. (2003) Ethnicity versus Nationalism: The Devolution Discourse in Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Sage.
- Gupta, Charu and Mukul Sharma (2004a) `Livelihood Issues: Deep-Rooted Trouble', Frontline 21(1) (3—16 Jan.): 42—6.
- Gupta, Charu and Mukul Sharma (2004b)`Blurred Borders: Coastal Conflicts between India and Pakistan', Economic and Political Weekly 39(27) (3 July): 3005—15.
- Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. (1999) Environment, Scarcity and Conflict. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Homer-Dixon, Thomas and Jessica Blitt, eds (1998) Ecoviolence: Links among Environment, Population and Security. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Jayasinghe, W.T. (2003) Kachchativu and the Maritime Boundary of Sri Lanka. Pannipitiya, Sri Lanka: Stamford Lake Publication.
- Kaufmann, S.B. (1981) `A Christian Caste in Hindu Society: Religious Leadership and Social Conflict among the Paravas of Southern Tamilnadu', Modern Asian Studies 15(2): 203—34.
- Kleinman, Arthur, Veena Das and Margaret Lock, eds ( 1998) Social Suffering. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Kodikara, Neomi (2003) `Indian Fishermen Still Poaching in Sri Lankan Waters', Sunday Observer (Colombo, 7 September).
- Krishna, Sankaran (1999) Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Krishnakumar, Asha (2003) `Rebuilding an Ecosystem', Frontline 20(5) (1—14 March): 80—1.
- Kumar, Amitav (2000) Passport Photos. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Kumara, Herman (2001) `Issues Related to Deep-Sea Fishermen and their Families due to Detention in Foreign Countries', in Icsf and Ioi (eds) Forging Unity: Coastal Communities and the Indian Ocean's Future, pp. 90—4. Chennai: International Collective in Support of Fish Workers.
- Kurien, John (2001) People and the Sea: A `Tropical Majority' World Perspective. Amsterdam: SISWU, Netherlands Institute for Social Sciences.
- Mathew, Richard A. (1999) `Introduction: Mapping Contested Grounds', in Daniel H. Deudney and Richard A. Mathew (eds) Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics, pp. 1—22. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Mathur, P.R.G. (1978) Mapilla Fisherfolk of Kerala: A Study in Interrelationship between Habitat, Technology, Economy, Society and Culture. Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society.
- Menon, Parvathi (2003) `A Conflict on the Waves', Frontline 20(6) (15—28 March): 67—73.
- Meyers, Norman (1993) Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability. New York: Norton.
- Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Development (1995) National Fisheries Development Plan, 1995—2000. Colombo: Author.
- Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Development (2005) Six Year Fisheries Development Programme, 1999—2004. Colombo: Author.
- Mujtaba, Syed Ali (2003) `Fishing for Trouble', Himal South Asia (October).
- Muni, S.D. (1974) `Kachchativu Settlement: Befriending Neighbouring Regimes', Economic and Political Weekly, 9(28) (13 July): 1120—2.
- National Aquatic Resources Research & Development Agency (NARA) ( 1998) Report on the Offshore Pelagic Fishery Resources Survey, 1995—1997. Colombo: Author.
- Pramanik, S.K. (1993) Fishermen Community of Coastal Villages in West Bengal. Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
- Punekar, V.B. (1959) The Son Kolis of Bombay. Bombay: Popular Book Depot.
- Qasim S.Z., ed. (2002) Indian Ocean in the 21st Century: Linkages and Networking. Delhi: Sai Publication.
- Ramaswamy, P. (1987) New Delhi and Sri Lanka: Four Decades of Politics and Diplomacy. New Delhi: Allied Publishers.
- Roy, Arundhati (1997) The God of Small Things. New Delhi: IndiaLink.
- Roychaudhuri, Bikash (1980) The Moon and the Net: Study of a Transient Community of Fishermen at Jambudwip. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India.
- Sack, R.D. (1986) Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Salagrama, Vekatesh (2001) `Coastal Area Degradation on the East Coast of India: Impact on Fishworkers', in Icsf and Ioi (eds) Forging Unity: Coastal Communities and the Indian Ocean's Future, pp. 143—55. Chennai: International Collective in Support of Fish Workers.
- Sambandan, V.S. (2003) `Mannar Fishermen Protest their Government "Inaction"', The Hindu (11 March).
- Schendel, William van and Itty Abraham, eds (2005) Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.
- Sharma, Mukul (1999) `In Risky Waters', Frontline 16(19) (11—24 Sept.): 65—70.
- Subramanian, Nirupama (2002) `To Nowhere Land', Frontline 19(15) (20 July—2 Aug.): 68—70.
- Subramanian, T.S. (1994) `Island of Contention: Kachchativu and Fishermen's Rights', Frontline 11(8) (9—22 April): 49—52.
- Subramanian, T.S. (2003) `Troubled Waters', Frontline 20(7) (29 March—11 April): 40—2.
- Suliman, Mohammed, ed. (1999) Ecology, Politics and Violent Conflict. London: Zed Books.
- Suryanarayan, V. (1994) Kachchativu and the Problems of Indian Fishermen in the Palk Bay Region. Madras: T.R. Publications.
- Suryanarayan, V. (2005) Conflicts over Fisheries in the Palk Bay Region. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers.
- Tambiah, S.J. (1996) Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Tanaka, Masakazu (1997) Patrons, Devotees and Goddesses: Ritual and Power among the Tamil Fishermen of Sri Lanka. Delhi: Manohar.
- Vivekanandan, V. (2001) `Crossing Maritime Borders: The Problem and Solution in the Indo-Sri Lankan Context', in Icsf and Ioi (eds) Forging Unity: Coastal Communities and the Indian Ocean's Future, pp. 76—89. Chennai: International Collective in Support of Fish Workers.
- Vivekanandan, V. (2004)`Report: Transborder Fishing: Historic Goodwill', Samudra 38 (July): 24—32.
Cultural Dynamics, Vol. 19, No. 2-3,
237-255 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0921374007080293

CiteULike Complore Connotea Del.icio.us Digg Reddit Technorati Twitter What's this?
|
|